Co-stimulatory signal deficiency impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte function in tumor immune evasion: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Junjie Ma, Jing Chen, Tianrun Miao, Yehong Li, Yongmeng Li, Lei Zhao, Hui Tian · 2026
Read Co-stimulatory signal deficiency impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte function in tumor immune evasion: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications by Junjie Ma, Jing Chen, Tianrun Miao, Yehong Li, Yongmeng Li, Lei Zhao, Hui Tian (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/PMC13587363.txt.
Description
Junjie Ma and colleagues review a missing second signal that lets tumors escape killer T cells. A T cell needs two inputs to attack: sight of its target, and a co-stimulatory push, most famously through the CD28 switch. Without that push, tumor-hunting cells may spot their target yet fail to multiply, survive, or keep killing. Tumors exploit the gap by hiding the push-giving molecules and raising brake signals instead.
The 2026 review follows the damage through three failure modes: cells that go limp, cells that die off early, and cells worn into exhaustion under constant attack signals. It also weighs the fixes, from standard brake-release drugs to newer co-stimulatory triggers, engineered T cells, and multi-armed antibodies, many still early in testing. The authors urge matching the fix to the stage where activation stalls.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Junjie Ma, Jing Chen, Tianrun Miao, Yehong Li, Yongmeng Li, Lei Zhao, Hui Tian |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 105 KB |
| LICENSE | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |