3D-printed scaffold-based strategies for enthesis regeneration: a systematic review of the literature
Marco Minelli, Luca Bertolino, Vincenzo Longobardi, Simone Micalizzi, Federica Potere, Giuseppe Anzillotti, Tommaso Bonanzinga, Elizaveta Kon, Federico Della Rocca, Paolo Oliva · 2026
Read 3D-printed scaffold-based strategies for enthesis regeneration: a systematic review of the literature by Marco Minelli, Luca Bertolino, Vincenzo Longobardi, Simone Micalizzi, Federica Potere, Giuseppe Anzillotti, Tommaso Bonanzinga, Elizaveta Kon, Federico Della Rocca, Paolo Oliva (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/pmc-13572595.txt.
Description
Marco Minelli and co-authors review printed scaffolds for repairing tendon-to-bone joins in this 2026 paper. That join, the enthesis, grades from soft tendon to hard bone. Torn joins heal as weak scar rather than true graded tissue. Three-dimensional printing can rebuild the gradient layer by layer. The team gathered the animal studies that test this idea.
Nine studies passed their screen, most using rabbit shoulder repairs. Printed scaffolds, often seeded with stem cells or growth factors, grew better cartilage and stronger joins than plain repairs. Still, no repair matched the strength of natural tissue. Study quality was hard to judge from the reports. Human use remains a long way off.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Marco Minelli, Luca Bertolino, Vincenzo Longobardi, Simone Micalizzi, Federica Potere, Giuseppe Anzillotti, Tommaso Bonanzinga, Elizaveta Kon, Federico Della Rocca, Paolo Oliva |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 67 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |