Dynamics of infection, vaccination and excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic among older individuals—a nationwide analysis
Eva A. S. Koster, Marije H. Sluiskes, Hein Putter, Frits R. Rosendaal, Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg, Mark G. J. de Boer, Liesbeth C. de Wreede · 2026
Read Dynamics of infection, vaccination and excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic among older individuals—a nationwide analysis by Eva A. S. Koster, Marije H. Sluiskes, Hein Putter, Frits R. Rosendaal, Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg, Mark G. J. de Boer, Liesbeth C. de Wreede (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/pmc-13572326.txt.
Description
Eva A. S. Koster and colleagues modelled infection, vaccination, and excess death together across the Dutch population over age 63 during the pandemic. Earlier work had not captured all three dynamics in one comprehensive model. Their 2026 study used nationwide records for 3,826,770 people, with no selection. It compared deaths in 2020 and 2021 with background death rates from 2015 to 2019, tracking infections, repeat infections, vaccinations, and deaths in a multi-state model.
Excess deaths reached 0.34 percent of the cohort, about 4.4 percent of all deaths seen, higher in men and in older groups. Excess death clustered in the first four weeks after a positive test but lingered beyond it. Vaccination cut excess deaths sharply even when infection still occurred. The authors present the model as a fuller picture of how COVID-19 raised deaths in older adults, during and after acute infection.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Eva A. S. Koster, Marije H. Sluiskes, Hein Putter, Frits R. Rosendaal, Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg, Mark G. J. de Boer, Liesbeth C. de Wreede |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 42 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |