Susceptibility of large language models to hidden nudge injection during simulated medical peer review: a quasi-experimental study
Bruno Martins Tomazini, Larissa Bianchini, Lucas Tramujas, Natalia Vieira Rodrigues, Felipe Guindalini Lorenzato, Mariana Silveira de Alcantara Chaud, Karoline Cordeiro Vercka Gervásio, Israel Silva Maia, Fernando José da Silva Ramos, Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro Besen, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti · 2026
Read Susceptibility of large language models to hidden nudge injection during simulated medical peer review: a quasi-experimental study by Bruno Martins Tomazini, Larissa Bianchini, Lucas Tramujas, Natalia Vieira Rodrigues, Felipe Guindalini Lorenzato, Mariana Silveira de Alcantara Chaud, Karoline Cordeiro Vercka Gervásio, Israel Silva Maia, Fernando José da Silva Ramos, Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro Besen, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/pmc-13471464.txt.
Description
Bruno Martins Tomazini tested hidden nudge weakness in 2026 among large language models during mock medical peer review. Text-making AI could assist peer review, yet hidden prompts built to elicit glowing reviews raise meddling risks. Four for-sale models reviewed 90 preprints and 90 printed papers in ICU care and heart care, each three times, with and without hidden nudges.
Nudge planting changed verdicts 84.4% of the time, with DeepSeek most open at 100%, then Gemini at 97.8%, ChatGPT at 82.8%, and Claude at 57.2%. Warning prompts about hidden nudges barely helped, with verdicts still changing 76.8% of the time. AI-aided peer review thus needs robust guards against hidden meddling before rollout.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Bruno Martins Tomazini, Larissa Bianchini, Lucas Tramujas, Natalia Vieira Rodrigues, Felipe Guindalini Lorenzato, Mariana Silveira de Alcantara Chaud, Karoline Cordeiro Vercka Gervásio, Israel Silva Maia, Fernando José da Silva Ramos, Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro Besen, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 41 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |