Growing together: Developmental integration and modularity in the human talus–calcaneus complex
Carla Figus, Rita Sorrentino, Francesca Seghi, Maria Giovanna Belcastro, Kristian J. Carlson · 2026
Read Growing together: Developmental integration and modularity in the human talus–calcaneus complex by Carla Figus, Rita Sorrentino, Francesca Seghi, Maria Giovanna Belcastro, Kristian J. Carlson (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/PMC13398836.txt.
Description
Carla Figus and co-authors watch the ankle's two bones grow up together in children. Their 2026 study uses three-dimensional shape analysis on the talus and calcaneus of 23 individuals from birth to age ten, grouped into four age bands. How these partner bones integrate as walking begins had never been measured jointly in this detail.
Shape changed markedly with age in both bones, with the sharpest transitions between the one-to-three and three-to-six year groups. The pair stayed strongly integrated at every age, while micro-CT scans tracked the spongy bone inside in parallel. The work gives anatomists a growth baseline for the heel-ankle complex, useful wherever children's foot development is judged.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Carla Figus, Rita Sorrentino, Francesca Seghi, Maria Giovanna Belcastro, Kristian J. Carlson |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 60199 |
| LICENSE | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |