Mismatch between global patient blood management policy and nursing education: evidence from four countries
Jan Domaradzki, Piotr Jabkowski, Justyna Czekajewska, Marcin Piotr Walkowiak, Natalia Markwitz-Grzyb, Einat Doron, Reinhold Wolke, Petra Reiber, Akram Sanagoo, Leila Jouybari, Reza Jahanshahi, Zhanar Dostanova, Lyudmila Yermukhanova, Alua Miraleyeva, Dariusz Walkowiak · 2026
Read Mismatch between global patient blood management policy and nursing education: evidence from four countries by Jan Domaradzki, Piotr Jabkowski, Justyna Czekajewska, Marcin Piotr Walkowiak, Natalia Markwitz-Grzyb, Einat Doron, Reinhold Wolke, Petra Reiber, Akram Sanagoo, Leila Jouybari, Reza Jahanshahi, Zhanar Dostanova, Lyudmila Yermukhanova, Alua Miraleyeva, Dariusz Walkowiak (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/PMC13323678.txt.
Description
Jan Domaradzki leads a four-country survey of nursing students on patient blood management, published in 2026, testing whether global policy reaches the classroom. Replies came from 645 master's students in Poland, Germany, Kazakhstan and Iran between October 2023 and April 2024.
Self-rated awareness sat at moderate levels, while tested knowledge ran consistently low across all countries and topics. Gaps covered alternatives to transfusion, drug-based strategies and risks of blood management itself, with some variation by country. Regression checks linked scores to background and work factors. The authors call the awareness-knowledge gap a curriculum failure and press for structured teaching of blood management in nursing degrees.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Jan Domaradzki, Piotr Jabkowski, Justyna Czekajewska, Marcin Piotr Walkowiak, Natalia Markwitz-Grzyb, Einat Doron, Reinhold Wolke, Petra Reiber, Akram Sanagoo, Leila Jouybari, Reza Jahanshahi, Zhanar Dostanova, Lyudmila Yermukhanova, Alua Miraleyeva, Dariusz Walkowiak |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 43650 |
| LICENSE | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |