Venous valves of the head and neck: a narrative review
Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Diana Alexandra Bănică, Răzvan Costin Tudose · 2026
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Description
Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Diana Alexandra Bănică, and Răzvan Costin Tudose review in 2026 the small valves inside head and neck veins. Textbooks long taught that these veins lack valves and let blood flow either way, a claim newer dissection and imaging work now challenges.
Searching two databases, the reviewers found valves documented in facial, lingual, jugular, and several other veins, usually two-leafed and clustered near junctions. The internal jugular valve appears in most specimens, though it often fails when central pressure stays high or after catheter damage. By contrast, brain veins and dural sinuses remain truly valveless. The findings matter for surgery, cannulation, and understanding reflux toward the brain.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Diana Alexandra Bănică, Răzvan Costin Tudose |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 50 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |