Atrophic Long-Bone Non-Union: Current Insights into Pathogenesis and Management—A Narrative Review
Vasileios P. Giannoudis, Helena F. Barber, Vincenzo Giordano, Nikolaos K. Kanakaris, Peter V. Giannoudis · 2026
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Description
Vasileios Giannoudis and four colleagues published a narrative review in two thousand twenty-six on fractures that fail to heal without new bone growth. In atrophic non-union, the bone ends stay bare and inactive. Quoted rates of five to ten percent likely understate the problem.
The review gathers current thinking on causes: weak biology, poor blood supply, loose fixation, hidden infection, and host factors. It walks through the roles of inflammation, stem cells, growth proteins, and vessel growth. Evidence is patchy and often only hypothesis-grade, which explains the wide spread of treatments. The authors propose a stepwise plan: rule out infection, check stability, fix what can be fixed in the patient, then upgrade biology and mechanics in grades.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Vasileios P. Giannoudis, Helena F. Barber, Vincenzo Giordano, Nikolaos K. Kanakaris, Peter V. Giannoudis |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 31 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |