The influence of body posture and added mass on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activation and force output during common foot strengthening exercises
John W.A. Osborne, Hylton B. Menz, Karl B. Landorf, Glen A. Whittaker, Matthew Cotchett, Luke A. Kelly · 2026
Read The influence of body posture and added mass on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activation and force output during common foot strengthening exercises by John W.A. Osborne, Hylton B. Menz, Karl B. Landorf, Glen A. Whittaker, Matthew Cotchett, Luke A. Kelly (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/pmc-13090714.txt.
Description
John Osborne and co-authors test foot strengthening exercises in a study published in 2025. Fifteen healthy adults performed sixteen common exercises while fine wires and surface sensors read activity in eight foot and leg muscles. A custom device measured toe joint torque. Some exercises added a forward lean or extra carried mass.
Muscle activity and torque varied widely by exercise. Leaning forward raised torque by a median thirty-five percent, beating added mass and rivaling walking. Many popular exercises fired muscles hard yet produced little torque, which questions their value. Readers get a simple tweak, the lean, for stronger foot training.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | John W.A. Osborne, Hylton B. Menz, Karl B. Landorf, Glen A. Whittaker, Matthew Cotchett, Luke A. Kelly |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 39 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |