Effect of Dokha/Midwakh Tobacco Smoking as a Risk Factor of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Along the Persian Gulf Nations
Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan, Omid Barghi, Esmaeil Kavi, Negar Shahkarami · 2025
Read Effect of Dokha/Midwakh Tobacco Smoking as a Risk Factor of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Along the Persian Gulf Nations by Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan, Omid Barghi, Esmaeil Kavi, Negar Shahkarami (2025) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/pmc-12707832.txt.
Description
Four authors, led by Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan, wrote a 2025 letter on dokha, a strong tobacco mix smoked in a small pipe called a midwakh. The habit is old among Arab sailors and desert peoples along the Persian Gulf. The mix holds tobacco with bark, leaves, spices, and dried fruit, and its nicotine far exceeds that of normal smokes.
Use is wide among young people in the Gulf states, the authors note. They frame dokha use as a risk factor for acute coronary syndrome, a sudden block of blood flow to the heart. The letter urges doctors and health staff in the region to ask about the habit and warn users.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan, Omid Barghi, Esmaeil Kavi, Negar Shahkarami |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2025 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 7 KB |
| VERSION | 1.0 |
| LICENSE | CC BY 4.0 |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | Europe PMC |