Co-occurrence of antibiotic residues and Antimicrobial resistance genes in animal manure and agricultural soils from Machakos, Kiambu, and Kajiado Counties, Kenya
Richard M Machoka, Florence Ng’ong’a, Christabel Muhonja, Heshborne Tindih, Zachary Getenga, Sören Thiele-Bruhn · 2026
Read Co-occurrence of antibiotic residues and Antimicrobial resistance genes in animal manure and agricultural soils from Machakos, Kiambu, and Kajiado Counties, Kenya by Richard M Machoka, Florence Ng’ong’a, Christabel Muhonja, Heshborne Tindih, Zachary Getenga, Sören Thiele-Bruhn (2026) in the Tower of Babel, a free online library of public-domain works preserved in clean, searchable text. No sign-up. The full text is served as a plain-text file at a predictable URL, where text is present: https://antarctic-labs.com/tower-of-babel/plos-pone-0337311.txt.
Description
Machoka and colleagues, in a 2026 field study, test farm manure and soils in three Kenyan counties for leftover antibiotics and for genes that make germs resist those drugs. Heavy, loosely controlled antibiotic use on farms can seed the wider environment with both. The counties studied farm livestock intensively.
Samples came from thirty farms and were pooled for testing with sensitive chemical and genetic tools. A tetracycline drug, especially one form used widely in animals, was the most common residue, with the highest levels in pig manure. Some expected drugs were not found at all. Resistance genes, by contrast, were spread widely across samples. Which animal produced the manure and whether a sample was manure or soil mattered less than expected for most drug levels. The findings show that resistance genes move through farm waste even where drug leftovers are patchy, a warning for soil and water safety near farms.
Catalog record
| CREATOR | Richard M Machoka, Florence Ng’ong’a, Christabel Muhonja, Heshborne Tindih, Zachary Getenga, Sören Thiele-Bruhn |
|---|---|
| YEAR | 2026 |
| COLLECTION | PAPERS |
| FORMAT | TXT |
| FILE SIZE | 45129 |
| LICENSE | CC_BY |
| RIGHTS | CC BY |
| SOURCE | PLOS |